Viparita-bhavana is the persistence of old contrary habits even after Self-knowledge — the feeling of smallness despite knowing one is limitless awareness.

In the tradition of Advaita Vedanta, nididhyāsana is the ripening of spiritual knowledge into living realization. It is not about acquiring new information or achieving extraordinary mystical experiences, but about standing steadfast in what has already been seen: I am That. It is the third phase after śravaṇa (hearing the teachings) and manana (removing doubts through reflection) in Vedanta's method of Self-inquiry.