What Is Ignorance? A Vedantic Definition

There’s that old adage that says “ignorance is bliss.” It implies that not knowing is the same as having no worries. As human beings we worry a lot, which creates mostly unnecessary anxiety and internal conflict. For example, animals don’t worry about tomorrow or what might happen next year or the year after. Nor do they worry about gas prices soaring, how much is in their 401K, or existential issues like nuclear proliferation or the effects of global warming. So at first glance, “ignorance is bliss” sounds pretty good. But before we begin to make it our new mantra, we should probably remind ourselves that even though ignorance might mean having fewer worries, it doesn’t mean we get to avoid pain.

When we take a closer look, ignorance is bliss only in the sense that the mind isn’t occupied and agitated with thoughts about the future and what might come to be. Animals don’t worry in the same way humans do because they lack a reflective intellect capable of abstract anticipation and existential projection. However, when stuff happens (and it always does) ignorance is not bliss—it’s confusion, fear and suffering. Thus, ignorance may seem like a refuge from worry, but it is not freedom. It is simply blindness with consequences.

In the Bhagavad Gita, we find this somewhat cryptic verse:

In that which is night for all beings, the one who is wise, who has mastery over oneself, is awake. That in which beings are awake, is night for the person who sees. (2.69)

In the first sentence, “night,” signifies ignorance, while “awake” signifies knowledge and its application. Night is often used as a metaphor for ignorance. At night, darkened objects are difficult to make out. Night time also makes us drowsy and lures us to sleep. However, in this case, “that which is night for all beings” is referring to those sleepwalking in broad daylight. They conduct their lives as it dictates, unaware of the remarkable truths that surround them, including the one about who/what they are. This "sleepwalking" is not a moral flaw but a condition born of ignorance shared by nearly all beings.

In the second part of the verse, these metaphors seem to reverse and contradict themselves. We might ask, “How can it be night for the wise person who sees while the others are awake? We must conclude that what most people think is day, is really night. Beings may be “awake” to all kinds of beliefs, but they are only awake to that of their own making. So, the two sentences in this verse are distinct but have similar meanings. In the first sentence it’s telling us that only the wise see the truth, while in the second it’s telling us that what appears to be the truth for most, is really ignorance. Thus, in both sentences “night” (ignorance) is something to avoid.

The Various Names for Ignorance

In Vedanta, ignorance is known by several names [1], but it’s most commonly expressed as avidya (from the verb-root vid = “to know” + a = “not”). The great 8th century proponent of Advaita Vedanta, Shankaracharya, noted at the beginning of his commentary on the Brahma Sutras that avidya is synonymous with “superimposition.” For example, an individual might believe they are the body, which Vedanta would argue is only a veil covering one’s true identity—the Self. So, avidya, or ignorance, is really the inability to discriminate between the Self and non-Self. Vedanta’s purpose then, is to remove all superimpositions through the use of logic and a process of negation that only leaves what can't be objectified—the Self.

According to Shri Sacchidanandendra Sarasvati, Shankara uses various expressions to signify avidya throughout his vast work, including: ”superimposition” (adhyasa, adhyaropa), “erroneous inversion” (viparyaya), “error” (viparyasa), “wrong knowledge” (mithyajnana), “wrong cognition” (mithyapratyaya), “misapprehension” (anyathagrahana), “darkness” (tamas), “confusion” (bhranti) and “delusion” (moha). ⁠[2]

Let’s take a look at some of the more common expressions:

Superimposition (adhyasa, adhyaropa)

Superimposition suggests the placement of one thing onto another so that the original appears to be something it is not. This is traditionally described using the analogy of the rope and the snake. When a traveler walking through a town at dusk passes by an old well, he sees a snake coiled next to it ready to strike. To the man, there is no question about the authenticity of the snake. He sees the snake and takes immediate action to avoid it. He points it out to a nearby villager who, seeing that the man is confused, confidently walks over to the well and holds up a coiled rope—the “snake.” For the traveler, what appeared to be a snake just moments ago, immediately vanishes once the truth is known. Superimposition is often compared with the body’s proximity to the Self, which we erroneously believe it to be the Self. However, Vedanta shows us that the body is just one of many superimpositions or “sheaths” that apparently cover the truth about who/what we are.

Erroneous inversion (viparyaya)

Viparyaya is the reversal of an object’s orientation, such that we believe it to be something other than it is. For example, we walk into a potter’s shop and see all kinds of wonderful creations including plates, bowls, cups, vases and pots. However, what we miss is the fact that all the pottery is just clay shaped into various name and form. Another example is gold jewelry, which, as we all know, is just gold. We say there’s a ”gold necklace,” but what we should really be saying is there is “necklace-y gold.” In this case, the gold is the truth about the necklace. “Necklace” is just a name and quality of the gold.

Wrong knowledge (mithya-jnana)

Mithya is often used to describe that which is apparently real in contrast to that which is actually real or true (satya). Vedanta defines “real” as that which is never changing, always present and not dependent. The conclusion is that only the Self can be real, and that all objects are only apparently real. While it’s true that we experience objects, all objects lack substance, are impermanent and are made up of other parts. So, it's wrong to believe that an object is permanent and substantial when in actuality, it is ephemeral and always changing into something else.

Concealment/darkness (avarana, tamas)

Avarana means concealment, veil, screen or obstruction. It is one of the twin “powers” of ignorance that keeps individuals from knowing the truth. Tamas means something similar and is often associated with the opaqueness that inhibits the individual’s ability to see things as they really are (see the gunas).

Projection (vikshepa, rajas)

Vikshepa is the second of avidya's two-fold powers. While avarana conceals, vikshepa projects. Vikshepa is often compared with the guna, rajas. When watching a movie, we get the same two effects: the concealment of the movie screen, as well as the projection of movement on the screen. As a result, we are drawn into the movie, sometimes so much that it elicits strong emotions of fear or sadness.

As another example, while shopping for a used car, we might end up buying a new one knowing that it is well outside of our budget. Often, the case is that vikshepa exaggerates the positives (it’s a new car!), while avarana conceals the negatives (buying it will mean huge monthly payments and debt). Car salesmen are masters at wielding the powers of avarana and vikshepa. It’s only when we get home, while sitting in our new car in the driveway, that we realize that we have been played.

Delusion (moha)

Delusion, of course, is also avidya. It’s the result of avarana and vikshepa, and is sometimes compared with being under a spell. Total delusion is total blindness to what’s true. In the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna is trying to convince Arjuna that he is deluded about his wanting to throw his weapon down and not defend dharma. To get Arjuna to pick up his weapon again and fight, Krishna must teach him the “secret knowledge” so that Arjuna can see the truth about what only on the surface, appears to be a hopeless and debilitating situation. Saccidanandendra adds. "At some place, in so far as it is the cause of the wrong knowledge (mithyajnana), [avidya] is also referred to as the 'cause' (karana), 'seed' (bija) and 'sleep' (nidra, supti), and when that is so, wrong knowledge is then spoken of as the “effect” (karya), “result” (phala) or as “dream” (svapna)." ⁠[3] We could also include in this list, other terms related to avidya such as “name-and-form” (namarapa), “unmanifested” (avyakta), “nature” (prakriti), “non-perception” (agrahana), and “power” (shakti). But how, exactly, are they all related to ignorance?

At this stage, it becomes necessary to widen the lens, because ignorance is not only individual—it is cosmic. Because avidya is the individual expression of beginningless maya, the two are sometimes spoken of interchangeably, depending on context. Vedanta presents avidya as the microcosmic expression of maya—the inscrutable power that veils and projects creation at the cosmic level. Avidya is also used to express maya at the microcosmic or individual level, which is why avidya is often defined as “personal ignorance.”

Personal vs. Universal Ignorance

Microcosmic ignorance can be thought of as the individual’s creation (jiva shrishti), while macrocosmic ignorance is God’s creation (Ishvara shrishti). The individual’s creation is unique due to his or her personal ignorance superimposed on reality—that is, his or her conditioning (habits, tendencies, and like/dislikes). This is the reason for not everyone always seeing eye to eye. Some will always see the rope as a snake, no matter how many times they are shown it to be otherwise.

Macrocosmic ignorance, on the other hand, works the same for everyone. The sky appears blue to everyone. However, in reality, it is only refracted sunlight bouncing off gases and particles in the atmosphere in a way that filters out the other colors. Is the sky actually blue? No. In a similar way, maya uses its twin powers of concealment and projection to make consciousness appear to be other than it is.

For example, maya is that power that makes us forget that a pot is really just clay. If the pot is dropped and shatters into a million pieces, it is no longer a “pot” but it is still clay. The clay was there before the pot and remains after. If you are a potter, you will be able to see that the pot resides in the clay, but that the clay doesn’t reside in the pot. Again, it’s only by the power of maya that we perceive the clay to be a “pot.” Similarly, it’s only by the power of maya that we perceive objects to be separate from consciousness.

Vedanta radically suggests that maya—a force within consciousness—creates the world out of consciousness. It’s the one appearing to be the many. If this seems improbable, think of the last time you knew you were in a dream while having it. Most of the time, we don’t know that we were in a dream until we have awoken from it—such is the power of maya.

Thus, maya is the force that deludes. It’s that which makes a “pot” out of clay and a “snake” from a coiled rope. Fortunately, maya's powers of concealment and projection are not absolute—they disappear upon close examination. As long as we play along, maya seems real. Once the truth is known about maya (ignorance), it disappears.

So while maya is beginningless (from where did the snake come from?), it is not without end and can be removed with knowledge. This is important because ignorance is always the root cause of suffering, even when suffering appears to arise from external circumstances. What we don’t understand causes us to suffer. Remove the ignorance and you remove the suffering that came with it.

The Origin of Ignorance

Maya is an inscrutable force, meaning it’s a power within consciousness that is impossible to ever fully understand. Maya just happens—like a dream just happens. As such, ignorance, too, is beginningless. Every day we go about our lives in a world that even scientists tell us is ephemeral and lacking actual substance. And yet, like a good movie, we play in the grand illusion—mostly because we can’t help not to take it all to be real. So, while microcosmic ignorance ends with knowledge, macrocosmic ignorance never ends because it’s an eternal principle. It’s like learning that the sun doesn’t revolve around the Earth. Even once known, the sun still appears to rise in the East and set in the West—no matter who or where you are.

Which brings us back to our ultimate definition of ignorance: the inability to discriminate between the Self and non-Self. Vedanta, a means for eliminating ignorance and understanding our experience, argues that it’s only through special knowledge that one can know oneself. This knowledge is special because it cannot be learned through the usual means of perception or inference. It requires a special word mirror (scripture) and a proper guide who is able to reveal its meaning to us. Only then can we wake up from the dream and begin to resolve that which inflicts us.

In the end, ignorance is not a passive state of not knowing—but an active confusion between what is real and what only appears to be real. Vedanta, through steady inquiry, helps us peel away the layers of misapprehension. What remains is not an idea or belief, but the Self—unchanging, self-luminous, and free.

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1 In Vedanta, ignorance is known my several names such as “absence of knowledge” (ajnana), “non-apprehension” (agrahana), “not knowing” (anavabodha), “not understanding” (anavagama) and “not awakening” (apratibodha)⁠. Sācchidanandendra, Sarasvati. “Vedanta-prakriya-pratyabhijña.” Holenarsipur: Adhyatma Prakasa Karyalaya, 1964. p.32f.

2 ibid.

3 ibid.